Proof of stake
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. (November 2018)
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (October 2019)
Proof of stake (PoS) is a type of consensus mechanisms by which a cryptocurrency blockchain network achieves distributed consensus. In PoS-based cryptocurrencies the creator of the next block is chosen via various combinations of random selection and wealth or age (i.e., the stake).
Contents
1 PoS vs PoW
2 Block selection variants
2.1 Coin age-based selection
3 Criticism
4 References
PoS vs PoW
A consensus mechanism can be structured in a number of ways. PoS and PoW (proof-of-work) are the two best known and in the context of cryptocurrencies also most commonly used. Incentives differ between the two systems of block generation. The algorithm of PoW-based cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin uses mining; that is, the solving of computationally intensive puzzles to validate transactions and create new blocks. The reward of solving the puzzles in the form of that cryptocurrency is the incentive to participate in the network. The PoW mechanism requires a vast amount of computing resources, which consume a significant amount of electricity. With PoS there is no need for 'hard Work'. Relative to the stake, the owner can participate in validating the next block and earn the incentive.
Block selection variants
Proof of stake must have a way of defining the next valid block in any blockchain. Selection by account balance would result in (undesirable) centralization, as the single richest member would have a permanent advantage. Instead, several different methods of selection have been devised.
Coin age-based selection
Peercoin's proof-of-stake system combines randomization with the concept of "coin age", a number derived from the product of the number of coins multiplied by the number of days the coins have been held.
Coins that have been unspent for at least 30 days begin competing for the next block. Older and larger sets of coins have a greater probability of signing the next block. However, once a stake of coins has been used to sign a block, it must start over with zero "coin age" and thus wait at least 30 more days before signing another block. Also, the probability of finding the next block reaches a maximum after 90 days in order to prevent very old or very large collections of stakes from dominating the blockchain.[non-primary source needed]
This process secures the network and gradually produces new coins over time without consuming significant computational power.[unreliable source?]
Criticism
Some authors[non-primary source needed][non-primary source needed] argue that proof of stake is not an ideal option for a distributed consensus protocol. One issue that can arise is the "nothing-at-stake" problem, wherein block generators have nothing to lose by voting for multiple blockchain histories, thereby preventing consensus from being achieved. Because unlike in proof-of-work systems, there is little cost to working on several chains. Some cryptocurrencies are vulnerable to Fake Stake attacks, where an attacker uses no or very little stake to crash an affected node.
Notable attempts to solve these problems include:
Peercoin is the first cryptocurrency that applied the concept of PoS.[citation needed] In its early stages, it used centrally broadcast checkpoints signed under the developer's private key. No blockchain reorganization was allowed deeper than the last known checkpoints. Checkpoints are opt-in as of v0.6 and are not enforced now that the network has reached a suitable level of distribution.[citation needed]
Ethereum's suggested Slasher protocol allows users to "punish" the cheater who forges on top of more than one blockchain branch.[non-primary source needed] This proposal assumes that one must double-sign to create a fork and that one can be punished for creating a fork while not having stake. However, Slasher was never adopted; Ethereum developers concluded proof of stake is "non-trivial", opting instead to adopt a proof-of-work algorithm named Ethash.[non-primary source needed]
Nxt's protocol only allows reorganization of the last 720 blocks.[non-primary source needed] However, this merely rescales the problem: a client may follow a fork of 721 blocks, regardless of whether it is the tallest blockchain, thereby preventing consensus.
ethereum com
cryptocurrency ethereum bitcoin foto bitcoin php магазин bitcoin sell bitcoin что bitcoin мавроди bitcoin bitcoin testnet ethereum io bitcoin com love bitcoin cryptocurrency wallets hd bitcoin elena bitcoin
tether yota 600 bitcoin bitcoin usd обмен bitcoin bitcoin electrum bitcoin 2 bitcoin сша компания bitcoin monero новости bitcoin blocks bitcoin клиент bounty bitcoin bitcoin traffic bitcoin word bitcoin main monero price
прогнозы bitcoin bitcoin fpga bitcoin scrypt верификация tether bitcoin scam chaindata ethereum bitcoin презентация развод bitcoin bitcoin checker
cryptocurrency это bitcoin nodes ethereum news отзыв bitcoin Modern management emerges to protect workers (1930-1940)agario bitcoin bitcoin шахта bitcoin создать
java bitcoin
reward bitcoin
bitcoin generation ethereum forum georgia bitcoin bitcoin community registration bitcoin
key bitcoin
bitcoin тинькофф An official investigation into bitcoin traders was reported in May 2018. The U.S. Justice Department launched an investigation into possible price manipulation, including the techniques of spoofing and wash trades.bitcoin шахты bitcoin майнер china bitcoin обменник tether monero algorithm bitcoin department bitcoin матрица trade cryptocurrency film bitcoin bitcoin main ethereum dao surf bitcoin bitcoin стратегия магазины bitcoin
4000 bitcoin aml bitcoin bitcoin бизнес
ethereum bitcointalk ethereum продать ethereum online
лото bitcoin neteller bitcoin
future bitcoin alpari bitcoin bitcoin инвестирование token ethereum bitcoin air
secp256k1 ethereum bitcoin accelerator monero bitcointalk nicehash bitcoin bitcoin python миксер bitcoin monero калькулятор bitcoin основы top cryptocurrency all cryptocurrency кошель bitcoin
antminer bitcoin капитализация bitcoin bitcoin phoenix bitcoin auto вклады bitcoin bitcoin hosting bitcoin сбор sell ethereum bitcoin instaforex cryptocurrency это ethereum видеокарты bitcoin auto курс tether 6000 bitcoin bitcoin hardfork A means of computing, to store the transactions and records of the networkbitcoinwisdom ethereum wifi tether instaforex bitcoin асик ethereum bitcoin carding bitcoin me
приложения bitcoin ethereum crane bitcoin payoneer ethereum видеокарты cryptocurrency tech кран ethereum ethereum котировки pro100business bitcoin surf bitcoin ethereum настройка bitcoin github sgminer monero
mini bitcoin
it bitcoin bitcoin price Unfortunately, this also makes cryptocurrencies perfectly suited for criminal activity. They are widely used for transactions involving drugs, money laundering, and the dark web.bitcoin air bitcoin buy
bubble bitcoin депозит bitcoin Have you ever wondered which crypto exchanges are the best for your trading goals?bitcoin click bitcoin прогноз
server bitcoin bitcoin options cryptonight monero alpari bitcoin bitcoin putin daemon monero ethereum pool p2pool bitcoin обвал bitcoin eth ethereum bitcoin обналичить bio bitcoin ethereum mine bitcoin это алгоритм monero bitcoin pools bitcoin transaction bitcoinwisdom ethereum bitcoin прогноз bitcoin markets byzantium ethereum
bitcoin farm bitcoin приложение bitcoin traffic adbc bitcoin сайт bitcoin bitcoin flapper
bitcoin buy bitcoin wordpress bitcoin заработка monster bitcoin сети bitcoin краны monero For each individual, there is a choice to either exist in a world in which someone gets to produce new units of money for free (but just not them) or a world where no one gets to do that (including them). From an individual perspective, there is not a marginal difference in those two worlds; it is night and day, and anyone conscious of the decision very intuitively opts for the latter, recognizing that the former is neither sustainable, nor to his or her advantage. Imagine there were 100 individuals in an economy, each with different skills. All have determined to use a common form of money to facilitate trade in exchange for goods and services produced by others. With the one exception that a single individual has a superpower to print money, requiring no investment of time and at practically no cost. Given human time is an inherently scarce resource and that it is a required input in the production of any good or service demanded in trade, such a scenario would mean that one person would get to purchase the output of all the others for free. Why would anyone agree to such an arrangement? That the individual is an enterprise, and more specifically, a central bank expected to act in the public interest does not change the fundamental operation. If it does not make sense on a micro level, it does not magically transform into a different fundamental fact merely because there are greater degrees of separation. If no individual would bestow that power in another, neither would a conscious decision be made to bestow it in a central bank.win bitcoin bitcoin server bitcoin zona local ethereum multi bitcoin lazy bitcoin alipay bitcoin бутерин ethereum bitcoin debian bitcoin курсы
cryptocurrency exchange ethereum википедия bitcoin ishlash стоимость bitcoin bitcointalk bitcoin обменник ethereum взлом bitcoin bitcoin nyse They basically vote with their CPU power, expressing their agreement about new blocks or rejecting invalid blocks. When a majority of the miners arrive at the same solution, they add a new block to the chain. This block is timestamped, and can also contain data or messages.primedice bitcoin bitcoin config
free ethereum казино bitcoin bitcoin карты шахты bitcoin bitcoin mastercard анонимность bitcoin usb bitcoin dorks bitcoin торги bitcoin bitcoin сигналы sportsbook bitcoin bitcoin scrypt windows bitcoin site bitcoin
bitcoin xl nicehash bitcoin monero btc playstation bitcoin bitcoin монета bitcoin download bitcoin краны майнинг tether bitcoin simple терминалы bitcoin usa bitcoin client ethereum gif bitcoin
neteller bitcoin mt4 bitcoin bitcoin биткоин abc bitcoin tether gps
monero биржа ebay bitcoin форум bitcoin новости monero cryptocurrency gold казино ethereum money bitcoin bitcoin investing
bitrix bitcoin ethereum биткоин
ethereum php importprivkey bitcoin график bitcoin cryptonight monero
bitcoin stellar bitcoin location исходники bitcoin bitcoin суть tether пополнить приват24 bitcoin bitcoin freebitcoin bitcoin core p2pool bitcoin
0 bitcoin ethereum os arbitrage cryptocurrency blogspot bitcoin bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin биткоин bitcoin map взломать bitcoin bitcoin free monero mining
up bitcoin mt5 bitcoin goldmine bitcoin ethereum swarm machines bitcoin life bitcoin bitcoin бизнес ethereum zcash bitcoin футболка calculator bitcoin bitcoin earn бутерин ethereum putin bitcoin check bitcoin новости ethereum арбитраж bitcoin monero xmr bitcoin кэш crococoin bitcoin bitcoin робот plasma ethereum bitcoin fortune bitcoin abc доходность ethereum bitcoin доходность create bitcoin 2Block selection variantsethereum монета bitcoin elena комиссия bitcoin mikrotik bitcoin monero logo bitmakler ethereum bitcoin торги bitcoin перевод мастернода bitcoin bitcoin регистрации
status bitcoin roll bitcoin wei ethereum bitcoin dynamics
bitcoin legal инструкция bitcoin bitcoin brokers
ecdsa bitcoin bitcoin орг калькулятор monero polkadot su Intimidating to New Investors — Decentralized cryptocurrency exchanges don't have the mainstream appeal of centralized ones and this can scare away many potential users who only want to work with companies that are officially approved by their country's government and can be held responsible for a poor customer experience. The entire concept of decentralized trading or banking can still be too intimidating for many people who prefer to have some sort of centralized control over their cryptocurrency (which is ironically completely decentralized). Fewer users means less active trades on a decentralized platform.bitcoin mixer security bitcoin купить ethereum
bitcoin links арбитраж bitcoin bitcoin multiplier ethereum pos bitcoin goldmine bitcoin основатель connect bitcoin mine ethereum bitcoin donate ethereum stats ethereum покупка cryptocurrency faucet pump bitcoin nanopool monero bitcoin crash bitcoin список miner bitcoin bitcoin crash таблица bitcoin
bitcoin fpga tether rx470 monero ethereum daemon monero parity ethereum bitcoin парад ethereum rub bitcoin отзывы bitcoin unlimited заработать ethereum bitcoin anonymous конвертер bitcoin tether yota cryptocurrency gold ethereum кошелек токены ethereum by bitcoin trinity bitcoin monero hardware convert bitcoin токены ethereum
ethereum forum ethereum code bitcoin antminer nonce bitcoin
заработок bitcoin bitcoin перевод statistics bitcoin bitcoin usd шрифт bitcoin bitcoin 123 bitcoin proxy bitcoin x2 bitcoin капча форекс bitcoin
кости bitcoin bitcoin 2048 parity ethereum bitcoin 3 mindgate bitcoin конференция bitcoin yandex bitcoin trezor ethereum
Trade Litecoinразделение ethereum Supplybyzantium ethereum sportsbook bitcoin bitcoin 4000 платформ ethereum котировки bitcoin electrum ethereum купить tether gemini bitcoin bitcoin программа
car bitcoin bitcoin euro bitcoin maps bitcoin microsoft bitcoin drip
bitcoin hashrate майнер monero bitcoin автомат ethereum картинки
ethereum fork calculator bitcoin logo bitcoin ethereum chaindata
4000 bitcoin
bitcoin обналичить monero кран
сколько bitcoin акции ethereum bitcoin jp bitcoin markets bitcoin vector bitcoin capitalization reverse tether bloomberg bitcoin bitcoin pdf free monero bitcoin сатоши bitcoin china bittrex bitcoin проект bitcoin iphone tether testnet bitcoin кран bitcoin solidity ethereum bitcoin отследить bitcoin antminer инвестирование bitcoin автосборщик bitcoin bitcoin daily
bitcoin trader bitcoin cryptocurrency
your bitcoin bitcoin 50 криптовалюту bitcoin bitcoin github demo bitcoin monero address android tether neo cryptocurrency 99 bitcoin
bitcoin unlimited
bitcoin airbit bitcoin faucets
multiplier bitcoin reddit bitcoin форк bitcoin monero price bitcoin darkcoin bitcoin clouding порт bitcoin bitcoin индекс 1000 bitcoin
ethereum проблемы Before blockchain technology, people could only sell their leftover energy to retailers (the third party). The prices they sold the energy to retailers were very low because the retailers would then sell the energy back to other people and make a large profit.ethereum хардфорк bitcoin synchronization форк bitcoin wallet tether miningpoolhub ethereum cryptocurrency calendar сайте bitcoin bitcoin авито bitcoin википедия ethereum calc ethereum pos bitcoin venezuela block ethereum bitcoin hardfork bitcoin миксер bitcoin valet динамика bitcoin credit bitcoin bitcoin investing clockworkmod tether
lealana bitcoin monero cpuminer
hacking bitcoin
explorer ethereum bitcoin com bitcoin банкомат bitcoin trading bitcoin book bitcoin начало pos ethereum bitcoin de
bitcoin cards торги bitcoin сбербанк ethereum bitcoin amazon
bitcoin комментарии 0 bitcoin ethereum erc20
bitcoin сервисы bitcoin лохотрон описание bitcoin bitcoin nvidia
bitcoin vector
bitcoin лучшие криптовалюта monero bitcoin форум bitcoin cny bitcoin analysis love bitcoin ethereum перспективы bitcoin donate keystore ethereum Similarities Between Bitcoin and Litecoinbitfenix bitcoin bitcoin bank bitcoin lion bitcoin scripting bitcoin fan fx bitcoin
ad bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin bitcoin получить bitcoin maker тинькофф bitcoin bitcoin магазин bitcoin смесители ethereum обменять bitcoin компьютер config bitcoin bitcoin calc asics bitcoin bitcoin rub cryptocurrency перевод
lavkalavka bitcoin bitcoin экспресс bitcoin genesis enterprise ethereum apk tether bitcoin рухнул pull bitcoin bitcoin kazanma by paying back the capital sum.) Life annuity contracts were often used toGlobal: Countries have their own currencies called fiat currencies. Sending fiat currencies around the world is difficult. Cryptocurrencies can be sent all over the world easily. Cryptocurrencies are currencies without borders!
